Tag: Learning

This is the second of my brainstorms about the four intractable problems I identified last week, trying to wrestle with the subject by putting it into a post, because explaining something to someone else is usually a pretty good way of learning it yourself.

Quite often in Portuguese, the word “Se” crops up in unexpected places, hanging around verbs. In some cases, it just means “if” and that’s easy enough to spot, but when it’s acting as some sort of pronoun things get a little weirder. Here’s a breakdown of some of the related grammar:

As a word meaning “If”

As I said, this is the odd one out, really. In this case, the word happens to be hanging around the sentence and maybe the verb will have to change as a result but in this case it’s not really strongly interacting with the verb, so you can just translate it in your had as “if” and move on. If you’re at B2 level and don’t already know about the subjunctive imperfect, go and have a read. Otherwise, forget it.

As a reflexive pronoun

Se is one of the pronouns used in the construction of reflexive verbs. Reflexive verbs. Reflexive verbs are just verbs in which the subject and the object can be the same thing. For example, “I can dress myself”. I am the one who is doing the dressing, and I am the one being dressed, so it’s a reflexive verb. In Portuguese and other romance languages, reflexive verbs seem a bit counter-intuitive.Sometimes they are used in situations you wouldn’t expect and sometimes they mean “each other” instead of “oneself”.

Of course, it’s not always “se”. The complete set of pronouns looks like this:

• me
• te
• se
• nos
• vos
• se

Here are some examples of reflexive verbs:

Standard	Meaning	Reflexive	Meaning
lembrar	to remind	lembrar-se	to remember
amar	to love	amar-se	to love one another
apaixonar	to fall in love	apaixonar-se	to fall in love with each other
deitar	to lay (something) down	deitar-se	to lie down
levantar	to lift	levantar-se	to get up
pentear	to comb	pentear-se	to comb oneself
banhar	to bathe (someone)	banhar-se	to have a bath
chamar	to call (someone)	chamar-se	to be called/named
lavar	to wash something	lavar-se	to have a wash
sentar*	to put someone in a sitting position?	sentar-se	to sit down
sentir	to sense something	sentir-se	to be conscious of something
voltar	to turn, return, re-do	voltar-se	to turn around
servir	to serve	servir-se	to help oneself to
vestir	to dress someone	vestir-se	to get dressed
**		suicidar-se	to kill oneself
cortar	cut	cortar-se	to cut oneself

*sentar apparently exists but it’s not used often

**suicidar doesn’t seem to exist as a non-reflexive verb, for reasons that are probably pretty obvious….

—update—

Of course, by sod’s law, within hours of publishing this post, I see this:

…and now I’m ready to suicidar(-me) too.

—update to the update–

My teacher says it’s just bad grammar. What lessons do we learn from this? Don’t trust Twitter for lessons in correct use of language. 

———————-

————-

And here are a few that need pronouns with them (to call back to this post)

Infinitive	Meaning
aproveitar-se de	to take advantage of
convencer-se de	to convince oneself about
lembrar-se de	to remember about
esquecer-se de	to forget about
queixar-se de	to complain about
rir-se de	to laugh about
decidir-se a	to decide
dedicar-se a	to dedicate oneself to
acostumar-se com	to get familiar with
parecer-se com	to resemble
surpreender-se com	to be surprised by

As some other kind of pronoun

Hm… Now I was going to write a whole section on “se” being used as another kind of pronoun but I had a look at the examples and decided that they were all specimens of  either those ones *points up* or these ones *points down*. OK, cool, well that’s one piece of confusion that has been expelled by writing this post, so… bonus!

As part of a sentence in the passive voice

Passive voice is when you use a phrase like “it was done”, “mistakes were made”, “a murder was committed” instead of the more direct “He did it”, “We made a mistake” or “Someone committed murder”. I quite like this form of words and use it in writing but some people find it vague and evasive, and for that very reason it’s popular in political speech and PR briefings.

In portuguese there are two ways of writing the passive voice and one of them looks a lot like the reflexive verbs I mentioned above:

“O livro publicou-se” means “the book was published” but you could equally read it as a reflexive verb “the book published itself” which it didn’t of course, but you can see how the connection is made. Another way of expressing the same thing in Portuguese looks much more like an English construction: “O livro foi publicado”

• Em Portugal bebe-se muito café (A lot of coffee is drunk in Portugal)
• Fala-se Inglês (English is spoken here)

and in the negative…

• Não se fala Espanhol no Brasil

 

Last week I identified four stubborn problems that – like Scott Pilgrim and the 7 Evil Exes – I had to battle to the death. One of those was to do with fiddly small words in front of infinitives. A lot of this seems to have to do with compound verbs vs ordinary, run-of-the-mill infinitives.

So let’s dive straight into compound verbs…

Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are verbs that are treated as one action but are made up of two verbs glued together. A familiar example is this harmless Pretérito Perfeito Composto

eu tenho chorrado*

You just take part of the verb “ter” and glue it onto your verb and magic happens. We have the same thing in English: “I have overslept”, “I had forgotten to set my alarm clock”. These are pretty easy to use so I’m not going to write any more about them because I don’t fund them confusing at all. In fact, their easier to use than most types of verbs. If you’re not familiar with them, don’t worry, you’ll meet them soon enough and you won’t have any trouble.

Where it gets trickier is when you have verbs made up of some other verb, followed by a short joining word and then an infinitive. There are lots of different ways of classifying them but I’m going to divide them up into groups according that have similar types in, and crucially, each member of the group uses the same joining words. If you don’t like the way I’ve done it, try this page from Ciberdúvidas instead. It has a totally different approach.

[A] Compound verbs showing an action that’s starting or ongoing:

Estar, Andar, Ficar, Começar or Continuar + a + infinitive

• Estou a escrever este blog
• Anda a aprender
• Ela continua a dar aulas
• Começo a ler a revista
• Ficar a olhar

I would think of these as “Starting to do…” or “Continuing to do” so the “a” fits nicely because it means “to”

[DE] Compound verbs describing an action that’s abandoned

Deixar, Acabar or Terminar + de + infinitive

• Deixa de fumar
• Acabou de ler o livro
• Terminar de tocar a guitarra

I would think of these as “leaving off of doing something” and “de” means “of” so that makes sense

[DE] Compound verbs describing something you have to do

Ter or Haver + de + Infinitive. In the case of haver it’s a slightly vaguer and more speculative kind of obligation: something you ought to do at some point rather than something you’ve got to get done right now.

• Hei-de ler “Matadouro Cinco”
• Tenho de cozinhar esta noite

I would think of these as “I have to do something”. I want to squeeze an “of” in there to make the “de” fit but I can’t, sorry… By the way, is it just me or is Haver the most freakishly unpredictable and incomprehensible verb in the language?

[] Compound Verbs Describing Potential for Action

Ir, Poder or Dever +[No joining word] + Infinitive

• Vou ganhar o prémio
• Posso ajudar?
• Deve estudar

I would think of these as “I’m gonna do something”, “I could do something” and “I should do something” so no joining word needed.

Things That Look Like Compound Verbs But Aren’t.

Some verbs can take an infinitive as their object and so the joining word will depend on the verb in question. So for example

• Gosto de ler
• Preciso de ler

both look a bit compound verby but Gostar and Precisar are the main verbs of the sentence and ler is basically being treated as a noun. Both take a de because the verbs are a bit strange. It’s easiest to understand gostar as meaning “to be pleased” so  Gosto de ler means “I am pleased by reading” and Precisar is more like “Have a need” so precisar de ler means “I have a need for reading”

• Adoro ler

means the same as gosto de ler but it doesn’t need the de because it’s a bit more direct. “Adorar” means “to adore” and you don’t need to adore of something or adore by something, you just need to adore it.

Likewise in the song Deixa-Me Rir, I asked my teacher** why it wasn’t “Deixa-me de rir” like in the example above: “deixe de fumar” but here he’s not talking about letting go of something, he’s talking about being allowed to do it,so Rir is being treated as an object again

Some of the harder-working irregular verbs can be used with prepositions in a way that changes their meaning and in some cases they can be used with infinitives. These buggers are a law unto themselves

• Dar + para= to be suitable. Essa caneta não dá para escrever uma carta
• Ficar + por= to fail to do something: Fiquei por escrever o meu livro
• Passar + a= to change: Depois do desastre, passei a ser outra pessoa

Other Structures Involving Infinitives

In other situations, infinities can be preceded by joining words but it seems even more random.

Quem me dera falar português como a minha esposa

Who will give me speaking portuguese like my wife? (No joining word)

Estou contente por saber que a sua equipa ganhou o tri-campeonato, seja lá o que isso for.

I am content through knowing….

Or

Estou contente em saber que a sua equipa ganhou o tri-campeonato, seja lá o que isso for.

I am content in knowing…

It’s all a bit play-it-by-ear though.

*=Listed at http://www.conjugacao-de-verbos.com/verbo/chorrar.php

**=I’m grateful to Ana Cristina Silva for helping me understand this… or at least to be less confused!

—–UPDATE—–

I found exercises 48, 49 and 50 of Gramática Activa 1 useful for this – and similar preposition-related confusion.